沙漠非饱和风沙土壤水分特征曲线预测的分形模型

应用VanGenuchten提出的土壤水分特征曲线公式,推导出了沙漠风沙非饱和土壤水分特征曲线的分形模型。通过对古尔班通古特沙漠地9种不同土壤样本利用中子水分仪和负压计实测的水分特征曲线资料反求得到相应的分形维数,分析了分形维数与土壤质地之间的关系,结果表明随着土壤质地从流动风沙土、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的变化,其分形维数呈逐渐增大。此外,基于土壤颗粒的重量与粒径分布求出了古尔班通古特沙漠地风沙土壤粒径的分形维数。通过对土壤水分特征曲线的分形维数与土壤粒径的分形维数的对比,得知它们之间存在着良好的线性关系。根据此关系,利用易测得的土壤粒径分形维数结合所推导的分形模型,对土壤水分特征曲线进行了预测,模型的预测结果很好地吻合了实测的土壤水分特征曲线。这一结果对于实际工作中根据风沙土壤颗粒大小分布的分形维数来预测沙漠风沙土壤水分特征曲线具有一定的指导意义。     

荒漠-绿洲边缘区生态过渡带的土壤颗粒分形特征

通过实地采样和实验室分析,测定了黑河中游荒漠绿洲边缘区生态过渡带的土壤粒级分布、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)的含量,并采用1993年杨培岭等提出的用粒径的重量分布代替数量分布的土壤分形模型,计算了土壤颗粒分形维数;最后利用统计分析法,研究了颗粒分形维数与土壤粒级分布及各养分指标的关系.结果表明:从荒漠边缘向绿洲延伸的过渡带,土壤中砂粒含量占绝对优势,粉粒居中,黏粒最少,采样区土壤质地较粗;土壤颗粒分形维数在2.105～2.609之间变动,处于极低水平,与土壤各养分指标具有相似的变化趋势,除靠近绿洲区存在一个"生态裂谷"外,整体呈上升趋势;利用相关分析法得出,土壤颗粒分形维数与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与黏粉粒及各养分指标均呈显著的正相关;利用回归分析法进行定量分析,砂粒含量每增加1g/kg,颗粒分形维数D降低0.0019个单位;粉粒和黏粒含量每增加1g/kg,颗粒分形维数D分别增加0.002和0,023个单位,对土壤颗粒分形维数变化幅度的影响依次为黏粒>粉粒>砂粒,分形维数对黏粒含量的变化最为敏感.因此,可以将土壤颗粒分形维数作为衡量荒漠-绿洲边缘区土壤养分变化状况的指标之一,用于反映荒漠绿洲区土壤的退化状况.     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

基因枪法转化小麦幼胚瞬时表达

自Vasil et al．（1996）利用基因枪将获得小麦对除草剂Basta具有抗性的再生植株以来，基因枪介导的小麦遗传转化研究发展很快（Altpeter et al．，1996）。在小麦基因枪转化中，优化基因枪转化因素，提高转化效率仍然是基因转化的关键问题。本实验研究了不同金粉用量、质粒DNA浓度及轰击枪数对小麦幼胚瞬时表达的影响，通过GUS染色和细胞压片，分析了gus基因的瞬间表达。     

科尔沁沙地不同下垫面风沙流结构与变异特征

对流动、半流动、半固定和固定沙地 4种不同下垫面 0～ 2 0 cm气流层的风沙流结构与变异特征研究表明 :(1 )不同退化沙地在总输沙量及各层输沙量上存在明显的差异 ,在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量是 83 .1g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 2 .1倍、9.2倍和 33 .9倍 ;而在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量 1 0 5.7g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 5.6倍、1 4.1倍和 75.6倍。(2 )总输沙量的 60以上分布在 1 0cm的高度内 ,随高度的增加 ,输沙量呈负指数函数下降。(3)风蚀物中粗粒 (粒径 1 .0～ 0 .5mm )与极细颗粒 (粒径0 .1～ 0 .0 5mm)和粉、粘粒 (<0 .0 5mm)的含量均很低 ,而细颗粒 (粒径 0 .2 5～ 0 .1 mm)的含量很高 ,占风蚀物的73 %～ 91 %,说明近地表层沙粒的运动以跃移为主。随高度的增加 ,风蚀物中中颗粒 (粒径 0 .5～ 0 .2 5mm)的含量下降 ,而极细颗粒和粉、粘粒含量增加 ,但其增幅因下垫面不同而异。(4) 0～ 2 0 cm总输沙量及各层输沙量与植被盖度呈显著负相关 ,与植株高度、地表紧实度和地表粗糙度长度呈微弱负相关     

花岗岩风化产物中高岭石和埃洛石的粒径分布及其对土壤发生的意义

The kaolins collected from a profile of weathered granite at Yichun County, Jiangxi Province have been subjected to particle size fractionation by the conventional sedimentation method and examined by XRD, SEM and TEM. All of them exhibit a mixture phase of poorly crystallized kaolinites and halloysites (0.7 nm) occurring as the main clay minerals. Electron micrographs reveal that plate kaolinites are the principal constitution in the coarse fraction, and more tubular and curled halloysite (0.7 nm) in the fine fraction. Both of them show normal probability curves in particle size distributions. The ratios of kaolinite and halloysite (0.7 nm) in different size fractions are examined by X-ray diffraction with a series of X-ray patterns characterized by three main peaks at d(001), d(002) and d(020),varying in intensity. Therefore, an index Q_hm expressed as (I_d(001) + I_d(002))/(2×I_d(002)), is designed to indicate relative ratios of the two clay minerals in a number of mixture phases. Because kaolinite and halloysite (0.7 nm) commonly occurred, respectively, in low and medium leaching microenvironment, the index Q_hm, can be used to indicate weathering and pedogenic conditions of a weathering crust.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) I. Total Sulphur Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Total sulphur content of some benchmark soils was evaluated by correlating with the contents of soil organic C and amorphous oxides (Al and Fe), and the particle size distribution. An equation model to calculate the content of total soil sulphur was first obtained by regression analysis. Introducing these chemical and physical data of all the map units except for the wetlands into the equation model, the sulphur level on a national scale was estimated for each soil mapping unit in the exploratory soil map of Zambia. Second, the total sulphur content was rated into 3 classes based on the frequency distribution of the total sulphur content in the benchmark soils. Finally, the rated total sulphur content was incorporated into the national soil map database of GIS to produce a map with the total sulphur content of Zambian soils. The extent of each class was calculated and the distribution of the areas was examined in relation to rainfall and soil formation.     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.     

钢渣硅肥硅素释放规律及其影响因素研究

【目的】钢渣是缓释硅钙肥原料,钢渣中硅素释放受钢渣自身性能和外界环境条件等因素影响,本文设置了钢渣冷却方式、钢渣粒径、培养介质和培养温度四种因子,研究钢渣中硅素释放规律及其影响因素,为钢渣硅钙肥合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】选用粉末状水淬渣(S1)、粒状水淬渣(S2)和空气冷却粒状钢渣(S3)为研究对象,分别设置在土壤水溶液以及纯蒸馏水中培养97天,并设置35℃和25℃两个培养温度。定期离心取上清液,取样后补充水分继续培养,直至培养结束。【结果】钢渣在土壤溶液中培养,第一天的硅素释放主要由钢渣冷却方式决定,而在以后的培养过程中主要受温度的影响,其次为钢渣粒径;硅素累积释放量与时间的关系可以用幂函数方程y=kxm来拟合;35℃培养97天后,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率(累积硅释放量与有效硅的比例)分别为37.3%、30.3%与27.3%;在25℃培养下,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为14.3%、7.9%与10.2%。钢渣在纯蒸馏水的培养中,第一天钢渣硅释放主要受温度的影响,而在以后的培养过程中主要受钢渣粒径的影响,温度和钢渣冷却方式对其影响甚微;硅素累积释放量与时间的关系可以用线性方程y=ax+b来拟合;在35℃,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为0.22%、0.16%与0.16%。在25℃培养下,S1、S2与S3钢渣硅的溶出率分别为0.17%、0.13%与0.14%。钢渣在土壤溶液培养,25℃培养67天,加入钢渣提高了土壤浸提液的p H值,但之后与CK基本相同;在35℃培养下,加入钢渣的土壤浸提液p H值总体都要显著高于CK处理。纯水培养介质中,两种温度培养下,在同一阶段S1浸提液的p H和EC值都要显著高于S2和S3,温度对p H和EC的影响不显著。【结论】钢渣硅素释放规律主要受培养介质和温度的影响,粒径有一定的影响。在土壤溶液中钢渣硅素释放显著高于在蒸馏水中,35℃比25℃更有利于硅素的释放,粉末状比粒状更有利于硅素的释放。由此认为,钢渣作为硅钙肥在大田施用时,将钢渣磨细做成粉末状产品,施用时随翻耕埋入土壤,初春采用保温措施等都有利于提高钢渣中硅的利用效率。     

土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及对粘附行为的影响

依据Tyler和Wheatcraft推导的土壤颗粒累积质量—尺寸标度关系,计算了我国主要土壤的颗粒尺寸分布(PSD)分维,结果表明:淡栗钙土、黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土((土娄)土)、潮土、灰漠土、黑土、黄棕壤、黄壤、红壤及赤红壤(砖红壤)的PSD分维依次增大,土壤粘粒含量增加使其PSD分维增大。结合上壤颗粒表面分形特性及土壤粘附的基本原理,探讨了土壤PSD分维对土壤—固体表面粘附行为的影响。PSD分维高的土壤与固体表面粘附力大,与固体表面发生明显粘附的起始含水量提高,发生明显粘附的含水量区间增宽。